Learner Analysis Essay

Foundation Summary Flight nurse’s and Flight Paramedics proceed as individuals from an aeromedical team on helicopters (rotor wing), and planes (fixed wing) airplane, accommodating in-flight the executives and care for numerous types and times of patients. Obligations of this activity incorporate the arranging and planning of each flight, to incorporate such things as; security, assessment of an individual patient’s in-flight needs and solicitation of suitable drugs, supplies, and hardware to give proceeding with care from start to the goal office. They go about as contacts between offices during an interfacility transport and from scene area to injury focus during clinical and injury related crises. They likewise start crisis treatment without a doctor during in-flight health related crises. Flight attendants and flight paramedics have preparing in mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic help, vasoactive meds, aviation route, and other escalated care aptitudes. Most air clinical organizations anticipate that medical attendants should have at any rate 2 to 5 years of involvement with crisis or basic consideration units, and the more injury experience, the better (flightnursetraining.com). This implies medical attendants that have a demonstrated capacity to deal with numerous patients with tremendously various conditions, just as having the option to settle on split-second choices about patient consideration with most extreme thoughtfulness regarding persistent consideration and security. Flight paramedics are relied upon to have at least three years current experience as a paramedic on a propelled life bolster group or potentially basic consideration transport group. Both of these jobs may need to keep an eye on numerous basic cases at the same time, so it is significant that the person have the right stuff to adapt to high pressure circumstances. Despite the fact that those recruited into the job of a flight attendant and flight paramedic c ome into the job with a center foundation in basic consideration and expected degree of benchmark knowledge,â higher level of self-governing basic reasoning and fast dynamic is another aptitude experienced for some coming into this job. A very much organized preparing program is an indispensable piece of establishing a solid framework to assemble the essential information base expected to guarantee both a flight medical caretaker and flight paramedic are set up to act in their job as a team boss. Roughly six years back a very much organized group head preparing program was set up that took into account steady and organized discovering that permitted all team part 2 (CM2) to get the vital aptitudes and information expected to hold a place of team boss. These modules secured zones of route, interchanges, wellbeing, aeronautics, basic reasoning; and consolidated understanding material, viable activities, tests and tests which the CM2 worked through in a precise procedure. Toward the finish of the preparation module; the group part at that point experienced an inquiry answer board (QAB) process. In the QAB, the group part was posed a progression of inquiries by a board comprising of a team boss, clinical chief, pilot, c linical executive and given different situations. On the off chance that the QAB was finished effectively the CM2, at that point progressed to status of a group boss. Present status of Problem Right now an organized preparing program that guarantees all flight medical caretakers and flight paramedics acquire this standard degree of information that is anticipated from those in the group boss job doesn't exist. The current practice is the suspicion that all CM2’s acquire the aptitudes and information important by arriving at their seventy fifth patient vehicle. This preparation plan doesn't take into consideration the organized conveyance of expected aptitudes and information nor does it take into consideration a gauge competency to be shown before being elevated from CM2 to team boss. The current procedure was established to fulfill the expanded need for staffing experience by the organization during a fast development period where eight bases transformed into sixteen of every four years. This current procedure set up as of now allowed for quick smoothed out preparing of new staff; yet it neglected to consider quality over amount. This new procedure has come about i n CM2’s being elevated to the degree of a team boss without the fundamental information that is anticipated from this job as dictated by the administration. Objective State All team individuals at CM2 status experience an organized group head preparing program. This preparation will take into consideration the conveyance of steady, very much organized vital aptitudes and information. An all around organized preparing project will guarantee that all flight team who get group boss status will have gotten a similar base of information and will have all shown a similar degree of wanted fitness. Student Analysis Segment Information The instructional setting is essentially hands on preparing; data increased through the live patient consideration transport condition by means of ground, rotor or fixed wing airplane. Attendants and paramedics fill in as accomplices in quiet vehicle. This group setup can be two medical attendants, or one medical attendant and one paramedic; however consistently one colleague must be a medical attendant. The third individual at the base is the pilot in order, who doesn't give any patient consideration however does and can aid avionics and wellbeing preparing. These groups are on move; positioned at their alloted base for a 24 hour timeframe; where preparing through recreations, perusing, and conversations will happen during non-tolerant vehicle times. There are 16 bases in the organization; situated in California, Texas and Oregon. There are 8 full time clinical team doled out to each base and an extra 2-3 low maintenance staff at each base. Time of paramedics and medical attendants territory from 27-61. English is local language spoken by all clinical group individuals. Instructive levels notwithstanding holding a certify paramedic permit or enrolled nurture permit are extending from partner certificate to doctorate. Every Registered attendant in the limit have gotten particular preparing in basic consideration, injury and hold specific authentications in these zones. All paramedics in this limit have likewise acquired extra basic consideration related preparing and declarations. Both the medical attendants and the paramedics accepting the team head preparing have been utilized with this organization in the flight job for at least 1 year and have gotten the CM2 status. The substance zone is centered around five territories; to incorporate aeronautics, wellbeing, correspondences, route, and basic reasoning. All clinical group have acquired the essential degree of preparing in these zones have been esteemed CM2 which puts them at â€Å"novice† status which considers them equipped to securely finish quiet vehicles. The team boss degree of preparing is planned for carrying crewâ members from beginner to master level. Earlier Knowledge Earlier information on all who will get the team head preparing are the individuals who are at the current CM2 level. They have been working in the limit as flight attendants or flight paramedics at this organization for at least 1 year and have been on in any event 75 patient vehicles. 25% of the complete group individuals have related knowledge filling in as Flight Nurses or Flight Paramedics at another organization; 10% of the flight paramedics have earlier flight team understanding through the military preceding resulting in these present circumstances organization. Those team individuals who accomplished group boss status per the current model will be given a pattern composed appraisal and experience a team boss QAB. The individuals who pass these two things will stay at the status of group boss; and the individuals who don't pass these evaluations will finish a scaffold team head preparing program, concentrating on those zones of the preparation they didn't go during their appr aisals. A composed evaluation and QAB will be rehashed at the finish of the scaffold preparing. All team individuals overviewed have positive input in regards to this proposed procedure. Passage Skills Required Passage level abilities required to the team head preparing is to be a CM2 and to have effectively passed the CM2 addresses answer board. Effective culmination of CM2 preparing exhibits fruitful destinations finished as expressed in the CM2 preparing. Notwithstanding CM2 status; all group individuals probably got a national affirmation. National accreditations the medical caretakers may get are basic consideration enrolled nurture (CCRN), care flight basic attendant (CFRN), or affirmed crisis nurture (CEN). These are each a 100-150 inquiries tests that are planned to be taken at autonomous test communities as dictated by the confirming organizations. The CM2 should likewise be on favorable terms with the organization; which means no disciplinary activities in the team individuals individual document in the past a half year. Perspectives and Motivation Most of the flight attendants and flight paramedics are driven; extraordinary individuals with a high want to acquire the group boss status. Essential inspiration originates from the longing to acquire the title status of â€Å"crew chief† and the expanded compensation pace of 5% every hour. Auxiliary inspiration is the drive that originates from inside inspiration to accomplish extra preparing toâ reach master level information in this field. Current mentalities towards preparing are certain with an overwhelmingly expressed want to have a progressively organized preparing program; with better expectations and meticulousness expected to turn into a group boss. In light of the yearly worker study; one of the pointers as expressed by representatives to improve spirit is for a progressively organized and thorough group head preparing program. Novel Characteristics and Learning Styles The lion's share (70%) of the students depicted themselves as learning best through â€Å"doing.† Those who expressed they learn better through hands-on and learning state perusing, watching or hearing the learning material is useful in the event that they can, at that point have extra hands-on preparing through reproductions or live at work situational encounters. Another 40% of students said they didn't know how they learned best; yet felt approaching the material recorded as a hard copy

Coffee and Starbucks Essay

How Did Starbucks Become an Icon of America Pop Culture? â€Å"Coffee† is a high recurrence word in people’s lives. Understudies like to peruse books with daylight and some espresso. Educators like to stroll into their study halls to begin their five star with cups of espresso close by. Individuals as a rule drink espresso with their morning meal. Most cheap food breakfast suppers, for example, McDonald’s, incorporate some espresso. Some espresso in the first part of the day can give individuals a vigorous and new day. â€Å"Americans truly like espresso. † This adage originates from a video called The History of Coffee Culture in America. Espresso culture is significant in America. Most American individuals love espresso not just in light of the fact that espresso culture is well known and cool, yet in addition since it tastes great. Americans previously had adjusted well to let espresso become a piece of their lives. At the point when the theme comes to espresso, individuals consistently consider Starbucks on the grounds that it is not quite the same as other espresso stores. It has redone administration, predominant taste, a wide scope of alternatives, and novel bundling and goals. Over the long haul, Starbucks an ever increasing number of approaches people’s lives and turns into a significant piece of the espresso culture in America, even in the entire world. Presently, the Starbucks brand has become a piece of mainstream society in this 2 wang century. It utilizes an unrivaled item, remarkable standards and alluring plans to make a customary coffeehouse become uncommon and outstanding. Starbucks is the biggest café organization on the planet (Starbucks). It had 10,924 stores in the United States in 2012, and the organization has been extending and developing rapidly in the a long time since (Starbucks Company Statistics). The first Starbucks opened in Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971, by three accomplices who met while they were understudies (Starbucks). Individuals consistently think the Starbucks green logo is Heather Graham holding up two striped bass, yet the image really implies fixation, enslavement and passing. Individuals may not understand that the lady in their green mark with twin fishtails is an alarm from Greek folklore. She was picked as the logo on the grounds that Starbucks was searching for a nautical subject to encapsulate Seattle (7 Horrifying). Possibly individuals will ask, at that point for what reason is Starbucks called â€Å"Starbucks†? The name â€Å"Starbucks† isn't picked arbitrarily by the originator, it really implies a great deal. It is nothing to do with the logo and item. As a matter of fact â€Å"Starbucks† is a person’s name. In a well known novel called Moby Dick, the whaler â€Å"Pequod† has a first-mate who cherishes espresso without a doubt. His name is Starbucks. The book Pour Your Heart Into It-How Starbucks Built A Company One Cup at a Time is composed by Howard Schultz. He is Starbucks’ administrator. He thought the name â€Å"Starbucks† helps individuals to remember the ocean experience stories and accounts about espresso dealer make a trip the world over to discover great espresso beans (Dori Jones Yang). The originators really anticipated a great deal from this name and this organization from the earliest starting point. 3 wang. Thefirstandalsothemostimportanttraitforasuccessfulbusinessisasuperior item. They are focused on purchasing and serving top notch espresso to keep the unadulterated taste. Starbucks’ espresso beans essentially originate from Costa Rica and Asia. They have severe administration framework to control the nature of espresso beans and different items. That is the reason Starbucks can keep virtue of their espresso (Starbucks). GreatvarietyisanotherreasonpeoplepreferStarbucks. Ithastonsofflavorsof espressos. They likewise have a mystery menu, which not many individuals know. Individuals additionally can plan their own espresso in Starbucks App. Starbucks additionally has extraordinary espresso for each season even exceptional occasions, for example, pumpkin flavor drinks for Halloween. â€Å"Starbucks up to now isn't only an espresso producer. It in reality just makes espresso enhanced drinks,† a Starbucks’ showcasing supervisor said in an advancement video. They are experts at making espresso drinks, and initially they need to figure out how to make it right. Legend is one of the originators; he went to Italy-the introduction of espresso to visit for a couple of months before they began the business. Starbucksalsohaveauniqueideaabouthowtosealcoffeethathascreativenew rehearses around the nation. They utilizes Italian words for the cup size, for example, â€Å"Grande† for medium, not exclusively to exhibit that they are proficient, yet in addition to give individuals an inclination that it is cool and trendy. Despite the fact that individuals don't think â€Å"Grande† can demonstrate this espresso store is proficient, it will even now give individuals an inclination that they are uncommon. Starbucks doesn't give a lot of advance exposure, and they don't have a great deal of 4 wang banners, however the couple of banners they have are compact and explicit. The primary thought of the banner is to communicate that espresso is equivalent to vitality. The â€Å"Morning† set of banners advises individuals they need caffeine to make the day brimming with vitality. A vigorous day sounds appealing, so Starbucks’ utilization of people’s want to have â€Å"an vivacious day† urges individuals to purchase espresso. Starbucks additionally has another element. They are not equivalent to other espresso stores, which urge individuals to drink gradually and appreciate the espresso. Despite what might be expected, they make â€Å"fast espresso. † Starbucks has a drive-through, which is the rule for inexpensive food. Quick espresso pulls in various client bunches than other espresso stores. â€Å"Fast coffee† is increasingly appropriate for office laborers, authoritative specialists, understudies, instructors, and so forth who are adjusting to the quick paced life. They are not poor and they don't have the opportunity to plunk down and appreciate espresso in the espresso store, so Starbucks is totally appropriate for them. These sorts of clients represent by far most of individuals. The entirely unexpected standards make Starbucks become a very surprising espresso store, sticking out and turning into a pioneer of the entire espresso showcase. The immense client base makes Starbucks become a piece of the espresso culture, not a little espresso organization any more. The tremendous client bunch likewise gives this logo unique definition, which is popular and cool. Individuals have bunch brain science, which means individuals as a rule are keen on the exercises that others are doing. For instance, in the event that 90% of one’s companions like to have â€Å"pepperoni pizza† for lunch, at that point that individual must need to attempt it, except if he/she loathes pizza. The Starbucks picture is another element. Not a great deal of espresso stores compose the 5 wang customer’s name on their cup. That is intriguing and causes the client to feel unique. Starbucks’ uncommon administration reasoning and guideline make it sufficiently unique to make individuals talk about it and need to turn into a piece of mainstream society, as well. Thereisanoldsentence,â€Å"Firstimpressionsareveryimportant. †Thedesignand appearance are the initial introduction that Starbucks provides for clients. So the appealing plan is likewise a significant motivation behind why Starbucks has become a piece of mainstream society in this century. The primary significant plan is the logo, which is the â€Å"enchantress† from the Greek folklore. It gives clients a sentiment of secret, beautiful and beautifying. The extraordinary logo makes their items appealing. Starbucks sells their â€Å"Starbucks China Cups† for not a low cost, yet at the same time many individuals need to get it. The primary explanation is they are beautiful, and individuals don't think cups with a Starbucks’ logo are appalling. The subsequent explanation, obviously, individuals think Starbucks is cool and mainstream. It is an image of style. A wide scope of alternatives and alluring structure makes Starbucks items become increasingly welcome. Not just the pretty logo and the items, the gift voucher is another feature of alluring plan. Most enormous organizations or stores have their own exceptional gift voucher, yet Starbucks has many. They have huge amounts of various plan present cards every year, for various seasons, unique celebrations, birthday celebrations, birth and graduates. Their pretty structures and unique significance made them mainstream. Starbucks is popular,but customershave topay forit. Starbucks’ averageprice for espresso governed higher than other espresso stores. A tall latte in Starbucks is $3. 00 without charge. 6 wang In McDonald’s it is just $1. 99, and in Dunkin Donuts it is just $1. 69 (Yahoo Answers). Hence it very well may be seen that Starbucks goes a long ways past the normal cost. In the event that individuals need to appreciate excellent espresso or find styles, individuals need to pay more cash. Distinctive organization as a rule has diverse customer direction. Elevated level customer bunch as a rule couldn't care less around a couple of dollars. They just consideration about the quality and how simple and quick it is. All things considered that gathering of individuals is in the minority. A great many people care around a couple of dollars, particularly individuals who adores espresso. Spend hardly any more dollars on some espresso is really an immense number of cash. Individuals need to confront an exchange off. Need to find molds or improve the status? At that point pay more cash first. NoonecandenythepopularityofStarbucks. Itusesitsspecialdesigntocatch customers’ eyes, for example, their delegate logo and their exceptional plan cups. At that point they utilize great items and interesting taste to keep clients returning. At long last uses people’s bunch brain research and the solid guideline to make themselves to turned into a piece of mainstream society, not just a café. Presently, Starbucks is a pattern. It is costly, yet at the same time a great deal individuals pursue it. Work Cited â€Å"Coffee Culture. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Sept. 2014. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. 7 wang Curtasu, Matei. â€Å"Starbucks Good Morning! Hello! † Behance. Behance, 11 July 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2014. â€Å"Starbucks Company Statistics. † Statistic Brain RSS. Starbucks Company Statistics, 12 Aug. 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. â€Å"Starbucks† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 0

How does Descartes use the example of wax to reinforce his argument of Term Paper

How does Descartes utilize the case of wax to fortify his contention of the presence of oneself - Term Paper Example e I am) which infers that one’s cognizance, set of musings or thinking or capacity to uncertainty would give verification of his own reality due to the ‘I’ or sense of self that considers it (R. Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy) This is even more strengthened when Descartes thought of the â€Å"wax argument† in validating his confirmation on the presence of oneself. To Descartes, the program of radical uncertainty must be built up on a singular undertaking or all the more suitably, an intentional segregation which frames the idea of his philosophical work having been liberated of social or passionate aggravations empowering him to ask â€Å"What will I say of the psyche itself, that is, of myself? For up 'til now I don't concede that I am definitely wouldn't fret. What, at that point! I who appear to have so unmistakable a dread of the ‘piece of wax’, do I not know myself, both with more noteworthy truth and certitude, and furthermore substantially more particularly and obviously? For in the event that I judge that the wax exists since I see it, it certainly follows, substantially more clearly, that I myself am or exist, for a similar explanation: for it is conceivable that what I see may not in truth be wax, and that I don't have eyes with which to see anything; however it can't be that when I see, or, which goes to something very similar, when I think I see, I myself who believe am nothing (Descartes, Meditation II).† Essentially, Descartes proposed the â€Å"wax argument† in two phases being †â€Å"(1) the contention from change; and (2) the contention from intellection at that point represented the â€Å"wax† in an element called ‘Bob’ who sits on the mantle as time ‘t’ passes (Graziano, 2011)†. It is asserted that at a moment, Bob is found with introductory properties, for example, those which the faculties are vulnerable to involvement with terms, for example, of temperature change, stage move, or shape change. â€Å"At time ‘t’, Bob can expect the state of a circle while being cold and strong simultaneously while eventually after ‘t’ he may

Disaster Indicators Their Capacity And Applicability Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The influence of natural and artificial disasters has been displayed in most societies throughout the world. As the human population continues to expand and societies become more complex, the significance of disaster prevention and mitigation has advanced to unprecedented heights. Former and recent methodologies employed to alleviate and avoid disasters are varied and complex; unfortunately, the aspiration of a composite index that provides a comprehensive picture of the societal impact of disasters has remained elusive. Disasters of similar cause and magnitude frequently occur; nonetheless, despite the similarity between disasters, the results are commonly different. Without a unique set of indicators that are universally quantifiable, predicting the societal impact of a disaster remains ambiguous and relatively unattainable. By comparison and analysis, the purpose of this paper is to propose evidence-based indicators which are comprehensive in capacity, yet specific in applicability; a strategy that will potentially enhance the ability of policy makers and emergency specialists to more accurately prevent and relieve the consequences of disasters. Disaster Indicators: Capacity and Applicability The World Health Organization (WHO) defines disasters as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources (World Health Organization, 2010). Historically, there are several illustrations of disasters; many of which provide significant support for the WHOs current characterization. Throughout human history, natural and man-made disasters have influenced colonies, societies, families, and individuals. For instance, Dr. David Crossley, a Professor of Geophysics at Saint Louis University, suggested; Considerable evidence exists for a major global paleoclimate event that happened around 3000B.C. It appears to have affected sea-level changes, vegetation and much surface chemistry. Likewise, the event in 1737 that may have killed some 300,000 people around Calcutta, India, is now ascribed to a typhoon (the Asian equivalent of a hurricane) combined with massive flooding. Originally thought to be an earthquake, this is unlikely from a tectonics point of view the major Himalayan seismicity is well to the north. This could be the most catastrophic atmospheric event ever recorded in terms of casualties (Crossley, D., 2005). Certainly, instances more recent are extremely prevalent; the name Katrina has forever embedded itself in Americas book of devastation. Rebecca Solnit reported, In August 2005, 90,000 square miles of the Gulf Coast were devastated; more than 1,800 people died; 182,000 homes were severely damaged in New Orleans alone, where 80 percent of the city was flooded. Hundreds of thousands went into an exile from which some will never return (2010). Similarly, reports suggest that the earthquake that struck the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince on January 12, 2010 affected over 3 million people, destroyed more than 200,000 homes, and killed over 230,000 people. Correspondingly, man-made disasters have similarly become a reality; a threat that appears to be universal and devastatingly dangerous. Author Bruce Hoffman undertook a comprehensive survey of 109 existing definitions. As a result, he proposes that terrorism is: ineluctably political in aims and motives; violent or . . . threatens violence; designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target; conducted either by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure . . . or by individuals or a small collection of individuals directly influenced, motivated, or inspired by the ideological aims or example of some existent terrorist movement and/or its leaders; and, perpetrated by a subnational group or state entity (Hoffman, B., 2006). With unyielding force, natural and man-made disasters have significantly altered human history. The data and descriptions of these disasters are seemingly infinite. Current analysis and examination provides some material related to disaster prevention and mitigation. However, to properly distinguish essential information, and eventually implement the conclusions, careful scrutiny of past and present societies, both successful and unsuccessful, may prove helpful. Traditionally, societies that have maintained balance and equality within agriculture, industry, government, and the economy have distinguished themselves from those who have not. Unfortunately, the relationship between each of these societal areas is complicated and often convoluted. Nonetheless, the impact of disasters is generally gauged by the overall equilibrium of each of these capacities following an incident (Jahan, S. 2003). Respectively, one study proposes the resulting societal impact of two earthquakes of similar magnitude, one that occurred in a developing country, Pakistan, and another that occurred in a developed country, Japan. The study explains the two countries populations at the time of the earthquakes were comparable: 167 million for Pakistan and 125 million for Japan. The earthquake intensities were also comparable: 7.6 magnitude for Pakistan and 7.2 magnitude for Japan (Gardoni, P., Murphy, C., 2010). Despite these similarities, however, the resulting damages were considerably different. The index provided indicates that Pakistan had approximately 14 times more fatalities than Japan, 2 times more individuals injured and 11 times more individuals left homeless. Country Pakistan Japan Event Phenomenon Earthquake Earthquake Magnitude 7.6 7.2 Date 2005 1995 Characteristics of the Country GDP (x 106) 91,080 4,428,530 Population 167,121,000 125,568,000 Consequences of the event Killed 73,338 5,297 Injured 69,142 34,492 Homeless 2,800,000 251,301 Cost (x 106) 5,000 100,000 Cost/GDP 0.05490 0.02258(Gardoni, P, Murphy. C., 2010) As governments and countries collaborate to more efficiently counter and prepare for situations comparable to those listed, it has become apparent that the development of an index or instrument that can quantitatively predict or suggest the impact of a disaster would prove to be invaluable. The ability to calculate the possible repercussions of any natural or man-made disaster before its occurrence could facilitate stronger economic resilience, more stable governmental control, and most importantly, possibly save thousands of lives. In the above study, the researchers observed: In terms of costs, Japan had direct economic losses that amounted to 20 times more than the direct economic losses in Pakistan. However, when factoring in the relative wealth of the two countries, it becomes clear that the economic impact (cost/GDP) on Pakistan was more than twice the economic impact on Japan. Creating a greater difficulty for mitigation efforts (Gardoni, P., Murphy, C., 2010). Consequently, many organizations, governments, and scientists have generated theories and suggestions for disaster indexes that may potentially meet these demands. In general, the current proposed theories agree the well-being of individuals be defined and gauged in terms of individual capabilities; Capabilities refer to the effective freedom of individuals to achieve valuable functionings, or doings and beings (Anand, S., Sen, A. 2000). Examples of functionings include being healthy, adequately nourished, adequately sheltered, mobile and educated. Capabilities thus describe the genuine opportunities open to a person (Sen, A, 1999). In essence, the societal impact is simplified and reduced to individuals rather than larger-scale groups. Likewise, an index is required that provides quantitative analysis and results opposed to qualitative observations will certainly facilitate decision and policy-makers ability to provide sound judgment in terms of prevention, response, and mitigation (Gardoni, P, Murphy, C., 2010). One such index is the Human Development Index (HDI). In 1990, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) introduced the HDI to measure human development of countries. Despite a few modifications that were introduced after its inception, the basic framework has remained the same. It is a composite index of normalized achievements in three different dimensions: economic prosperity, level of knowledge and skill, and quality of health (Finch, C., Emrich, C., Cutter, S., 2010). The HDI characterizes each of these dimensions by specific indicators. First, economic prosperity is measured by taking the logarithm of the Gross Domestic Product per-capita and adequately adjusted to the purchasing power disparities. Next, the level of knowledge and skill is measured by a weighted average of two attributes: the adult literacy rate, and the combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools (Finch, C., Emrich, C., Cutter, S., 2010). Last, the quality of life is measure d by the life expectancy rate. Together, these three indicators provide a cumulative score that is ranked against other countries or societies (Eisenman, D., Cordasco, K., Asch, S., Golden, J., Glik, D., 2007). As previously observed, the HDI provides an instrument to measure certain individual attributes hypothesized to be most indicative of development. HDI RANK COUNTRY HDI VALUE LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH MEAN YEARS OF SCHOOLING EXPECTED YEARS OF SCHOOLING GNI per-capita VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 1 Norway 0.938 81.0 12.6 17.3 58,810 2 Australia 0.937 81.9 12.0 20.5 38,692 3 New Zealand 0.907 80.6 12.5 19.7 25,438 4 United States 0.902 79.6 12.4 15.7 47,094(United Nations Development Programme. 2010) HDI RANK COUNTRY HDI VALUE LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH MEAN YEARS OF SCHOOLING EXPECTED YEARS OF SCHOOLING GNI per-capita VERY LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 1 Central African Republic 0.315 47.7 3.5 6.3 758 2 Mali 0.309 49.2 1.4 8.0 1171 3 Burkina Faso 0.305 53.7 1.3 5.8 1215 4 Liberia 0.300 59.1 3.9 11.0 320(United Nations Development Programme. 2010) It can be deduced that those countries or societies with excellent HDI scores should be most able to adapt to disasters. However, observational research suggests otherwise. Although the original HDI provides individual analysis, the index fails to account for societies that have interpersonal inequality. Researchers suggest, lower inequality should, ethically, increase overall human development of a region (Eisenman, D., Cordasco, K., Asch, S., Golden, J., Glik, D. 2007). In 2010, UNDP implemented an inequality factor; however, due to the nature of the HDI quantifying such observations remains difficult and merely provides an indirect measurement function with specific indicators (Anand, S., Sen, A., 2000). Implementing such an index in the calculation of actual or potential disaster impact remains problematic when assessing complete societal impact. A similar disaster index, the Life Quality Index (LQI), has been proposed as a solution to measuring the societal impact of disasters. Unlike the UNDPs Human Development Index (HDI), the LQI is measured meticulously from the economics of human welfare. Similar to the HDI, the LQI elicits a system for ranking societies based on human development. However, more importantly and unlike the HDI researchers report: The LQI can also serve as an objective function to be used in setting national or corporate goals for managing risk and to guide effective allocation of societys scarce resources for the mitigation of risks to life or health. The LQI is, essentially, a summary indicator providing a proposal of the net benefit to society for improving the overall public welfare by reducing risks to life in a cost-effective manner (Ditlevsen, O., Friis-Hansen, P. 2007). Despite these differences and proposed advantages over the HDI, the LQI remains an index to measure life expectancy and gross domestic product (GDP) per-capita; which, as defined, allows for errors and omissions in interpretation of indirect qualitative information. Both instruments provide essential material but, nonetheless, offer inadequate implementation and, therefore, appear to fall short of the necessary abilities of measuring or predicting disaster impact. Therefore, neither satisfies disaster index requirements. As previously noted, a capability approach provides a stronger theoretical foundation for identifying and quantifying the societal impact of natural disasters on the basis of overall changes in individuals capabilities- a technique employed by each of the indexes discussed previously (Jalali, R. 2002). Associate professors Paulo Gardoni and Colleen Murphy specifically stated: Because the proposed capability approach is more comprehensive in dimensions of well-being affected by a natural disaster it considers and, hence, in the picture of the societal impact it provides, it allows for a more complete and more accurate policy- and decision-making process for disaster recovery and mitigation. In addition, implementing a capability approach to the societal impact of a disaster will facilitate an integrated and coordinated approach to public policy decision-making for both development and disaster recovery and mitigation. The need to take into consideration natural disasters in development assessment, projects and planning is widely recognized in development economics. Using capabilities to measure both development and the impact of disasters will encourage the inclusion of a component on the vulnerability of that society to disasters in the assessment of the development of a society. Further, the same data could be used for the assessment of both the vulnerab ility and development of a society, therefore optimizing the allocation of the resources available for the data collection (Gardoni, P, Murphy, C., 2010). As a step towards bridging the assessment of the vulnerability and development of a society, the authors of this paper have previously proposed how to evaluate hazard mitigation policies from a capability approach. Although most indexes have similar mechanisms, generally incorporating life expectancy and GDP, a common flaw should be noted in each of the previous instruments; primarily, measuring or estimating disaster impact is difficult when specific indicators are individually based rather than collectively or societally based. Gardoni and Murphy observed such results and defined specific errors regarding previous disaster index strategies. Most notably, the GDP includes potential misrepresentation when it comes to societal development. In fact, the development of the capability approach to disaster analysis was, in essence, a result of partially deceiving information given by the GDP. For instance, the GDP is characterized as a calculated average of a region or area. However, the GDP does not indicate the value of every individual; if wealth and income are concentrated in the hands of a small percentage of a population, then the possibility remains that, although the GDP may appear high, the standard of living of many individuals within a society might be very low (Nussbaum, M., 2000). Likewise, previous disaster indexes have over-simplified the interpretation of quality of life. The HDI and the LQI presume to identify indicators based on individual members of a society; when a more accurate approach, in terms of predicting disaster impact, would be indicators designed for a society made up of individuals. A third disaster index, the Disaster Indicator Index (DII), appears to meet the demands of disaster measurement by employing a unique methodology. Consequently, analysis proves DII supplies indicators based on collective and societal concepts. As disaster indicators are not quantifiable, the DII proposes a technique to more accurately measure disaster results. The tables below provide the DII indicators based specifically on a capability group accompanied by the meaning of each capability. Capability Group Capability (being able toÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦) Indicator Longevity ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦live to the normal end of life No. of individuals killed Physical and mental health ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦avoid injuries No. of individuals injured ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦have adequate and permanent shelter No. of individuals left homeless ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦have adequate nourishment Correlated ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦live in a healthy environment No. of individuals without access to water Affiliation and mobility ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦engage in forms of interaction with others No. of individuals unemployed due to the disaster ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦move freely from place to place Correlated Command over resource ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦hold property Direct economic classes ($)(Gardoni, P, Murphy. C., 2010) Considering the DII, it is noteworthy that the previously described weaknesses present in the HDI and the LQI are absent. The DII accounts for limits in GDP and accounts for the impact influence of certain inequalities present within a society. Each of the four capabilities employed by the DII creates an umbrella category for several indicators necessary to measure or predict disaster impact. The previously described earthquakes in Pakistan and Japan have been analyzed by the DII and measured accordingly. The table below provides an impact ranking based on the four indicators and also includes data from the previous table. The likely conclusion of the inspection of the DII is positive when considering certain conditions. Nonetheless, the ability to generate quantifiable data based on qualitative evidence is still subjective and not concrete (Wei, J., Zhao, D., Wu, D., Lv, S., 2009). With this in mind, the DII appears to provide the most up-to-date characterization of capabilities or necessary abilities of a society while eliminating flaws found in other indexes. Country Pakistan Japan Event Phenomenon Earthquake Earthquake Magnitude 7.6 7.2 Date 2005 1995 Characteristics of the Country GDP (x 106) 91,080 4,428,530 Population 167,121,000 125,568,000 Consequences of the event Killed 73,338 5,297 Injured 69,142 34,492 Homeless 2,800,000 251,301 Cost (x 106) 5,000 100,000 Cost/GDP 0.05490 0.02258 Indicators I1 0.003 0.066 I2 0.117 0.110 I3 0.010 0.250 I4 0.021 0.112 DI 0.401 0.597 DII 0.154 0.208 (Gardoni, P, Murphy. C., 2010) Upon examination of several indexing systems, several problematic issues remain at the forefront of efficient disaster management and preparation. Despite certain difficulties, such as, the limitation of data and its impact of indexes and indicators, there are more current up-to-date principles that will allow for the evolution of disaster mitigation and management, and the eventual development of an index that meets proposed expectations. These principles may be simplified to four individually necessary concepts. First, global applicability is required and has recently become more possible with the development of more accurate data gathering and communication. Although, disaster indexes are best implemented on a micro-social level, the indicators must be recognizable on all levels. However, difficulties with funding and resources continue to be a limiting factor in relation to developing a comprehensive disaster index. Data collection requires significant time and resources if it is to be done accurately and extensively. Consequently, funding for such collection is often extremely scarce and of low importance to policy makers. Without an index that is globally applicable, the ability to counter or prevent disasters remains questionable; particularly because disasters of similar magnitudes occurring in different geographic areas often yield various results (Cavanaugh, J., Gelles, M., Reyes, G., Civiello, C., Zahner, M., 2008). Another necessary quality of a disaster index includes quality data. Similar to global applicability, quality data is often limited by resources and funding. It remains obvious, however, that in order to generate an instrument that incorporates all variables and occurrences the date used must be of high quality and accuracy- an attribute that is difficult to measure. Quality data, included with a third required concept, collectability will likely continue to be the most difficult aspect to overcome within disaster mitigation and prevention. Behind each number within a set of data is an individual or family. This consideration creates difficulties when proposing indicators that allow of the greatest collectability. Sociologically, it is difficult to place a number on humanity; nonetheless, it is necessary to assess disaster impact accurately. The fourth characteristic or principle which is supported by evidence is proper communication disaster risk management. Ditlevsen and Friis-Hansen describe the importance or communication with disaster mitigation: The concerns of different levels of government should be addressed in a meaningful way. For example, risk is very different at the local level (a community or small town) than it is at the national level. If risk is not presented and explained in a way that attracts stakeholders attention, it will not be possible to make progress in reducing the impact of disasters. To date the system of indicators has been opened up to scrutiny and discussion by international advisors, academics, risk professionals and a limited number of national technical and professional staff, but too few policy makers as such. In the short term it would thus be very wise to organize a series of national dialogues where the derived indicator results and implications are presented to a selected number of national level policy and decision makers. This would allow a testing of relevance and pertinence and offer conclusions as regards future work on the program. It is very important to take into account the set of next steps that might be taken to improve the reliability and validity of the data collected and the analyses undertaken (Ditlevsen, O., Friis-Hansen, P. 2007). In the future, sustainability for the program and promoting its applicability at the decision maker level requires a significant amount of local, national, and international communication. Without complete communication, global applicability, quality and collectible data, are simply impossible. In conclusion, the difficulty in achieving effective disaster risk management has been, in part, the result of the lack of a comprehensive conceptual framework of disaster risk that could facilitate a multidisciplinary evaluation and intervention. Most existing indices and evaluation techniques do not adequately express risk and are not based on a holistic approach that invites intervention. This is because of an inability to generate accurate and quality data. It is undeniably necessary to extrapolate information that proposes risk or threat in different ways. Disaster impact is comprehensive in nature and, thus, disaster management is complex (Rigg, J., Grundy-Warr, C., Law, L., Tan-Mullins, M., 2008). As a result, complexities in resource allocation, interstate and international communication, data collection appear to be the hurdles most challenging areas to understand. There has been significant progress made in disaster management and concepts, some through trial and error, have become increasingly important. The indexes described and analyzed above provide a partial framework for the future of disaster management and as more time and resources are spent responding to and learning from disasters, an eventual instrument will be developed that will save thousands in not millions of lives.

The Cell Cycle of Growth and Replication

Branding in Health Care - 983 Words

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Privacy and Information Technology Essay Example For Students

Privacy and Information Technology Essay Geoffrey GravesMG3700 Mid Term Exam 4/24/2000 In order to produce an upwards swing in revenue, Toy World must track its customers buying trends with more accuracy and more detail. The Point of Sale system that they are currently working from can be improved and made to reduce after-market inventory. Trend data can be used for a wide variety of purposes. One of the first problems is the store design and layout of items. Sale items and hot merchandise must be as strategically positioned as possible to allow a prospective customer to locate and remove the item from the shelf quickly and painlessly. Data can be compared with toy descriptions after analysis of the item, and research of the toys advertisements and media exposure. Also by doing this, under- stocking and over-stocking shelves can be prevented. A hot toy can be kept in stock if the retailer orders a large quantity ahead of time after POS analysis. What of the items that dont sell much when the POS data is analyzed? The system should be able compute the quantity to order, to keep in the stock room, or to totally remove the item from inventory. 2.) At the snap-shot of this case, Toy Worlds tactical strategic position was decent and had room for expansion, but the tactical position was lacking in many areas. If you ask the CIO of any successful company that has been around for about 25 years, he will agree that for maximum results and increased overall cash inflow, a large portion of the budget should be spent on IT. More funds towards improvement of the POS system would have increased revenue two or even threefold. Much of the data network at Toy World is too slow to handle the amount of traffic necessary to sufficiently analyze POS information. From IT Planning (Exhibit 5) the MIS spending plan as a fraction of sales, decreases from 0.9% in 1987 to 0.8% in 1988, around $4000. This shows a clear lack of good prediction when this % of sales data is compared with the revenue (Exhibit 3) of $10 million. IT spending could have been increased by 50%, (1.8-2.0) percent from 1986 to 1987 with practically no negative side effects. Strategically, the company was looking towards the future of sales. One of the major ideas that were worked into Toy Worlds electronic future was e-commerce. If they were to win that race, the sales would predictably skyrocket. Toys are the perfect product to purchase online for tech savvy moms and dads at Christmas time. Though the technological problems were many, Toy World was still a leader in toys manufacturing and sale. 3.) As the CIO of Toy World, I would have a comprehensive and competent staff working in a team-oriented workplace. The new management team positions would be Systems Analysts would be hired in order to redesign the POS system. The system would keep the same base coding and structure but certain descriptive items must be added to the data analysis. This team would be in charge of analyzing the system and would work closely with the team of programmers to design the best way to integrate additions to the POS system. The Lead Programmers would work closely with the Systems Analysts with the intent of upgrading the IT systems of Toy World. They must be competent in ANSI C, C++, SQL, Visual Basic, ORACLE, UNIX (AIX), and any other database systems. Web Support and Development Experts would be in charge of an E-commerce storefront and the development of a company website. This team of web savvy programmers and web designers would maintain the web system and servers. Democracy Essay The team would also update .